Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment provides a comprehensive account of coagulation and flocculation techniques and technologies in a single volume covering theoretical principles to practical applications.

Thoroughly revised and updated this new edition has been progressively modified and increased in scope to cater for the requirements of practitioners involved with water and wastewater treatment. 

New topics in this new edition include :

• activated sludge bulking and foaming control and enhanced bioflocculation;
• algae removal and harvesting;
• dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) removal;
• inorganics removal;
• turbidity and its measurement;
• wastewater treatment by coagulation and chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT).

The book presents the subject logically and sequentially from theoretical principles to practical applications. Successive chapters deal with, in turn, properties of materials present in waters and wastewaters; characteristics and types of coagulants commonly in use; mechanisms and practical implications of destabilization of waterborne material using metal coagulants and polyelectrolytes; considerations and requirements for coagulant addition at the rapid mixing stage; theoretical and practical considerations of flocculation; and details of experimental procedures for assessing primary coagulants, flocculant aids, sludge conditioners, and flocculation parameters. Numerous examples are included as appropriate.

Treatment and disposal of sludges resulting from coagulation-flocculation related operations is dealt with in an Appendix. This important topic has been separated from the main text to avoid disturbing the continuum of the presentation.

Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment  is a readable and useful resource for the water scientist and engineer.   It is a convenient reference handbook providing numerous examples and appended information and it is a vital text for course material for undergraduate  and postgraduate students.

Contents

Stability and Destabilization; Definitions; Performance Criteria; Colloids and Interfaces; Origin of Surface Charge; Effect of Surface Charge; Adsorption; Inner Part of Electrical Double Layer; Diffuse Part of Electrical Double Layer; Stern’s Model of Complete Double Layer; Colloid Stability in Terms of the Double Layer; Electrokinetic Measurements      ; Metal Coagulants; Polymers; Treatment with Metal Coagulants; Destabilization of Hydrophobic Colloids; Destabilization of Hydrophilic Colloids; Removal of Natural Organic Matter; Algae Removal and Harvesting; Pathogen Removal; Effect of Anions; Chemical Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater Treatment; Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) Removal in Wastewater Treatment;  Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation and Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment, CEPT; Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Control and Enhanced Bioflocculation; Inorganics Removal; Arsenic Removal; Copper Removal; Fluoride Removal; Manganese Removal; Staged Coagulation and Sequencing; Effects of Preozonation; Effects of Temperature; Residual Aluminum; Treatment with Polymers; Mechanisms of Destabilization; Polyelectrolytes as Primary Coagulants; Polyelectrolytes as Flocculant Aids; Polymers as Sludge Conditioners; Rapid Mixing; Requirements for Rapid Mixing Devices; Design of Rapid Mixing Devices; Flocculation; Perikinetic Flocculation; Orthokinetic Flocculation; Design of Different Types of Flocculation Basins and Devices; Testing and Control of Coagulation and Flocculation; Optimizing Primary Coagulant Type, Dosage and pH; Using the Jar Test to Evaluate Settling; Evaluating Flocculant Aids; Evaluating Sludge Conditioners; Optimizing Flocculation Parameters; Control Systems for Coagulation; Turbidity and its Measurement;  Processing and Disposal of Coagulant Sludges.

This book is only available as part of the online course (DW01) Please click here for information.

It is an integral part of the on-line course that provides comprehensive knowledge of how to minimise lead in drinking water and is available only through enrolment on the Minimising Lead in Drinking Water Course which is self-paced and self-assessed. It can be accessed from a PC, laptop, tablet or smart phone and involves 20 hours of learning, including exercises.

The course carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

The five main learning outcomes provide:

• a good appreciation of the factors that determine the concentrations of lead in drinking water.
• the ability to undertake a diagnostic assessment.
• the knowledge of how to apply risk management principles.
• the ability to develop a cost-effective control strategy.
• the ability to optimize corrosion control treatment and to quantify associated benefits in public health protection.

Pitched at Masters degree level, the material is suitable for graduates in a relevant subject or for those with more than five years of professional experience in the area. The course is relevant to scientific, engineering, operational and regulatory personnel, with an international audience in mind.

This book is only available as part of the online course (DW02) Please click here for information.

The course carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

Cryptosporidium is a micro-organism which is resistant to conventional chlorine disinfection and as such, poses specific challenges for water treatment operators. It is very infective, causing an unpleasant gastrointestinal illness. It has also been known to result in fatal illness in some individuals.

It is essential that operators address the risks posed from cryptosporidium and maintain effective treatment processes which are supported by comprehensive monitoring strategies. If an outbreak occurs, the ability to provide a timely and effective response is crucial.

The five main learning outcomes

•  Knowledge of the cryptosporidium risk for your supply system
• The mitigation measures available to remove the risk 
• Monitoring and performance control strategies 
• Engineering solutions and their integration with existing processes
• Effective incident and outbreak management control  

Pitched at Masters degree level, the material is suitable for graduates in a relevant subject or for those with more than five years of professional experience in the area. The course is relevant to scientific, engineering, operational and regulatory personnel, with an international audience in mind.

Table of contents

Introduction to cryptosporidium in drinking water; An over-view of cryptosporidium analysis     and water quality indicators; Identifying your supply system; Principles of risk assessment and risk management; How to conduct a risk assessment; Confirming risks and developing mitigation measures; Optimizing process control; Determining engineering solutions; Developing management strategies; Epidemiological and outbreak considerations.

Course provider: youlearnwater ltd

Course coordinator: Helen Clay-Chapman

Duration: 20 hours

Application to: IWA Publishing and youlearnwater ltd

Fee: The price of each course £695.00. 

About the online course (DW01)

The objective of the course is to provide a pragmatic approach to:

Knowledge of the cryptosporidium risk for your supply system

The mitigation measures available to remove the risk

Monitoring and performance control strategies

Engineering solutions and their integration with existing processes

Effective incident and outbreak management control 

For whom?

Pitched at Master’s degree level, the course is suitable for graduates in a relevant subject or for professionals with more than five years of experience in the area.   The course is relevant to scientific, engineering, operational and regulatory personnel, with an international audience in mind.

An ebook provided free of charge with this course.  A print edition is also available to purchase to those who enrol on this course.

Course Program

The Preventing Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water Course is self-paced and self-assessed and available from It can be accessed from a PC, laptop, tablet or smart phone and involves 20 hours of learning, including exercises.

It carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

Course Contents

This course consists of ten modules:

1.  Introduction to cryptosporidium in drinking water.

2.  An over-view of cryptosporidium analysis and water quality indicators.

3.  Understanding your supply system.

4.  Principles of risk assessment and risk management.

5.  How to conduct a risk assessment.

6.  Confirming risks and developing mitigation measures.

7.  Optimising process control.

8.  Determining engineering solutions

9.  Developing management strategies.

10. Epidemiological and outbreak considerations.

Registration and further information

To register for the course please visit http://www.youlearnwater.com/collections/all. Further information on this online learning course can be obtained from www.youlearnwater.com.

Course provider: youlearnwater ltd

Course coordinator: Dr Colin Hayes

Duration: 20 hours

Application to: IWA Publishing and youlearnwater ltd

Fee: The price of each course £695.00. 

About the online course (DW01)

The objective of the course is to provide a pragmatic approach to:

• a good appreciation of the factors that determine the concentrations of lead in drinking water
• controling lead in a more effective and efficient way in a water utility system
• conducting a diagnostic assessment
• assessing plumbosolvency
• developing a control strategy
• developing a sampling strategy
• undertaking an environmental impact assessment.

For whom?

Pitched at Master’s degree level, the course is suitable for graduates in a relevant subject or for professionals with more than five years of experience in the area. The course is relevant to scientific, engineering, operational and regulatory personnel, with an international audience in mind.

Learning objectives

Upon completion, the participant should have:

• the ability to undertake a diagnostic assessment.
• the knowledge of how to apply risk management principles.
• the ability to develop a cost-effective control strategy.
• the ability to optimize corrosion control treatment and to quantify associated benefits in public health protection.
• the knowledge of inventorying service lines and internal plumbing

An ebook provided free of charge with this course.  A print edition is also available to purchase to those who enrol on this course.

Course Program

The Minimising Lead in Drinking Water Course is self-paced and self-assessed and available from It can be accessed from a PC, laptop, tablet or smart phone and involves 20 hours of learning, including exercises.

It carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

Course Contents

This course consists of ten modules:

1.  Introduction to the lead in drinking water problem.

2.  Principles of risk assessment and risk management.

3.  An over-view of lead chemistry.

4.  How to conduct a diagnostic assessment.

5.  How to conduct a plumbosolvency assessment.

6.  Inventoring service lines and internal plumbing.

7.  Developing a control strategy.

8.  Optimizing plumbosolvency control treatment.

9.  Developing a sampling strategy.

10. Environmental impact assessment.

Registration and further information

To register for the course please visit http://www.youlearnwater.com/collections/all; Further information on this online learning course can be obtained from www.youlearnwater.com.

This book is only available as part of the on-line course (DW03)

Please click here for information. http://www.youlearnwater.com/collections/all; A discount of 20% is offered on the course if you enter the discount code IWAP20

It is an integral part of the on-line course that provides comprehensive knowledge of Disinfection Strategies and Process Optimisation and is available only through enrolment on Disinfection Strategies and Process Optimisation Course which is self-paced and self-assessed. It can be accessed from a PC, laptop, tablet or smart phone and involves 20 hours of learning, including exercises.

The course carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

The importance of disinfection in water treatment is illustrated in this manual. The Ct concept is described, with particular reference to chlorination as the main type of chemical disinfectant in common use. Operating principles and practices for chlorine, other chemical disinfectants and UV irradiation are discussed, including avoidance of excessive disinfection by-product formation. Ways of developing disinfection strategies are reviewed.

The five main learning outcomes provide:

• a good appreciation of the importance of disinfection;
• knowledge of the design and operation of disinfection systems;
• an understanding of how to avoid excessive by-product formation;
• knowledge of the Ct principle and how it can be used;
• an appreciation of how to develop a disinfection strategy.

Pitched at Masters degree level, the material is suitable for graduates in a relevant subject or for those with more than five years of professional experience in the area.   The course is relevant to scientific, engineering, operational and regulatory personnel, with an international audience in mind.

Table of contents

An introduction to disinfection principles and practices; Chlorination; Chloramination; Understanding and applying the Ct concept; Monitoring and control of chlorine disinfection; UV disinfection principles and practices; UV disinfection dose and dose validation; Other chemical disinfectants; Implementing disinfection within a risk-based framework

Today, there is  increasing  pressure on the water infrastructure and although unsustainable water extraction and wastewater handling can continue  for a while, at some point water needs to be managed in a way that is sustainable in the long-term.  We need to handle water utilities ”smarter”.

New and effective tools and technologies are becoming available at an affordable cost and these technologies are steadily changing water infrastructure options.  The quality and robustness of sensors are increasing rapidly and their reliability makes the  automatic handling of critical processes viable. Online and real-time control means safer and more effective operation. 

The combination of better sensors and new water treatment technologies is a strong enabler for decentralised and diversified water treatment. Plants can be run with a minimum of personnel attendance.  In the future, thousands of sensors in the water utility cycle will handle all the complexity in an effective way.

Smart Water Utilities: Complexity Made Simple provides a framework for Smart Water Utilities based on a M-A-D (Measurement-Analysis-Decision).  This enables the organisation and implrementation of  ”Smart” in a water utility by providing an overview of supporting technologies and methods.

The book presents a an introduction to methods and tools, providing a perspective of what can and could be achieved.  It provides a toolbox  for all water challenges and is  essential reading for the  Water Utility Manager, Engineer and Director and for Consultants, Designers and Researchers.

Twort's Water Supply, Seventh Edition, provides the latest tools and techniques to meet engineering challenges over dwindling natural resources.  The book has expanded coverage of waste and sludge disposal, energy and sustainability, and new chapters on intakes, chemical storage, handling, and sampling.

This new edition reflects the latest WHO, European, UK, and US standards, including the European Water Framework Directive.

This book is essential reading for Environmental Engineers and Technicians, Civil Engineers and Technicians and anyone working in water engineering.

Contents:

The Demand for Public Water Supplies; Water Supply Regulation, Protection, Organization and Financing;  Hydrology and Surface Supplies;  Groundwater Supplies; Dams, Reservoirs and River Intakes; Chemistry, Microbiology and Biology of Water; Storage, Clarification and Chemical Treatment; Water Filtration Granular Media Filtration; Waterworks Waste and Sludge Disposal;  Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes; Disinfection of Water; Hydraulics; System Design and Analysis; Distribution Practice; Pipeline Design and Construction; Valves and Meters; Pumping; Electrical Plant; Control and Instrumentation;  Treated Water Storage

Contents

Technical regulation of urban water services: The Portuguese regulatory model of water and wastewater services. An integrated approach; Experiences and conclusions from regulation in England and Wales; Experiences and conclusions from regulation in Australia; Experiences and conclusions from regulation in Denmark; Experiences and conclusions from regulation in Latin America; The German benchmarking experience. An alternative to regulation; The assessment of water services from the point of view of multilateral organizations. The experience of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB);  Regulation in Spain from the perspective of the urban water services; Reasons that justify the regulation of urban water services in Spain; Can a regulator contribute to solve the problems of the urban water cycle in Spain?; Regulatory models. Conclusions

Contents

Introduction; Water Recovery; The Management of Urban Runoff in Coastal Regions; Water Harvesting from Municipal Wastewater; Indirect Desalination of Seawater; Fouling; Fouling Propensity During Desalination of Seawater; NOM And TEP Fouling; Draw Solute Induced Calcium Carbonate Scaling; Impact of Spacer on Biofouling; Cleaning Protocol in Wastewater Reuse; Rejection of Pollutants;  Rejection of Micropollutants;  Rejection of Boron; Membranes and Draw Solution; Draw Solutions; High Performance Forward Osmosis Membrane; Modelling; Modeling Water Flux;  Modeling Concentration Polarization and Spacer Influence; Outlook; Life Cycle Cost Assessment; Niches in Seawater Desalination and Wastewater Reuse

This title is eBook only.

The drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is a critical infrastructure and a costly asset with a life time of several decades. With rapidly changing urban environments and increasing technological innovation, drinking water demand is likely to change in the coming decades. However, quantifying these changes involves large uncertainties. This book develops a methodology to analyse the robustness of the DWDS to deal with a wide range of future water demands.

A stress test was developed to investigate the effects of a set of demand scenarios on the network performance. In a first stage ten scenarios considering technological and demographic changes were applied and in a second stage, a more in depth analysis comparing the performance of a looped versus a branched design was performed, simulating 30 patterns per connection.

The proposed “stress-test” showed to be a robust methodology to investigate functionality of the system under a broad range of changing water demand scenarios. Results showed that even in the most extreme scenarios management and operation of the network can be adapted or adjusted to cope with head losses, low velocities or long residence times.

Contents

Introduction; Problem description; Research steps; Approach; Outcomes; Stress-test to determine network robustness; Introduction; Scenarios description; Networks description; Simulating drinking water demand; Results overview; Stress-test to determine network robustness – Two networks layouts and 30 scenarios; Networks description; Daily water consumption and peak demand; Head loss; Water quality: residence time and self-cleaning capacity; Customers minutes lost; Network performance, robustness and operability; Transitions in the drinking water demand; Conclusions and recommendations; References.

This book is only available as part of the on-line course (DW05). Please click here for information.

A discount of 20% is offered on the course if you enter the discount code IWAP20.

This book is an integral part of the on-line course that provides comprehensive knowledge of the Management and Optimisation of Water Treatment Processes and is available only through enrolment on the Management and Optimisation of Water Treatment Processes Course which is self-paced and self-assessed. It can be accessed from a PC, laptop, tablet or smart phone and involves 20 hours of learning, including exercises.

The course carries the value of 2 CPD/CEU points and is accredited by the CPD Standards Office in London.

This course is based around the most common water treatment processes of coagulation, clarification, filtration and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and practices and techniques for optimising these are presented. It also provides an understanding of ways in which additional processes such as ozonation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption, biological filtration and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can be used to enhance and optimise overall treatment performance, and identify where this can be cost-effective.

The course is aimed at scientists, engineers and managers with an existing knowledge of water treatment who need a more thorough understanding of how to operate and optimise the processes to maximise their performance and cost-benefits.

The five main learning outcomes provide:

• Water treatment design and operating principles.
• Opportunities to optimise the water treatment process streams in relation to performance and cost-benefits.
• Techniques and practices to help facilitate optimisation.
• Monitoring and control practices to maintain efficient operating conditions.
• Management of the treatment and disposal of waterworks wastes.

Contents

Water treatment requirements and processes; Catchment management and pre-treatment; Chemical coagulation; Clarification processes; Filtration; Granular activated carbon adsorption; Biological treatment; Disinfection and disinfection by-products; Monitoring and control of water treatment; Managing water treatment wastes.

The Water Environment Research Foundation and Colorado Monitoring Framework con-ducted a demonstration of the WERF Nutrient Modeling Toolbox (NMT) that was developed as part of WERF project LINK1T11. The chosen demonstration site was Boulder Creek, a wade-able stream that drains the Rocky Mountains and flows through the City of Boulder, CO. The project team applied the LINK1T11 process to select and calibrate a nutrient response model of Boulder Creek. Ecological response variables of interest were dissolved oxygen, pH, bottom algae chlorophyll-a, and benthic macroinvertebrates.

After model calibration, the project team applied the model to various scenarios of nutrient reduction in the Boulder Creek watershed. Maximum feasible nutrient reductions were not predicted to attain the default chlorophyll-a goals or pH criteria at all locations. However, results did indicate that it would be practical to reduce bottom algae and pH in specific stream segments. The model indicated that environmental benefits could be maximized by more phosphorus control and less nitrogen control than would be pursued under default regulations. These technical findings were used to craft a staged, adaptive nutrient management strategy for Boulder Creek. Overall, the WERF (LINK1T11) process was highly beneficial for understanding the receiving water and improving management strategies.

Project Number: LINK2T14

Permitting the disposal of concentrate and other waste streams is often one of the most challenging tasks associated with the development and implementation of desalination projects. This study focuses on the review of key regulatory requirements, support studies, and permitting practices for medium and large seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants in the United States and abroad. The size range (from 2.5 to 110 MGD or 9.5 to 440 ML/d) covers most plants built since 2005. The study is based on permitting experience with recent SWRO projects and is focused on the regulatory issues and considerations associated with the most commonly used concentrate management method: discharge to surface water bodies. Issues specific to the permitting of thermal desalination plants are not addressed in the report because, although popular in the Middle East, thermal desalination has not found significant application in seawater desalination in the United States and most other developed countries.

The formal project objective was to identify the discharge information that permitting agencies need and the decision-making process they go through to permit discharge methods in order to help desalination project proponents focus and expedite their permitting efforts.

The project involved documenting SWRO discharge regulatory information and facility information for the United States and selected countries. In the United States, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit is the primary permit required for discharge to surface waters. Discussion focused on events, information, and issues associated with obtaining an NPDES-type permit. One of the key limiting factors in the construction of new seawater desalination plants is the availability of suitable conditions and locations for disposal of the high-salinity sidestream commonly referred to as concentrate or brine. Concentrate is generated as a by-product of the separation of the minerals from the source water used for desalination. This liquid stream contains in concentrated form most of the source water’s dissolved solids as well as some pretreatment additives (i.e., residual amounts of coagulants, flocculants, and antiscalants) and other chemicals, as well as microbial contaminants and particulates rejected by the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. If chemical pretreatment is used, such as coagulants, antiscalants, polymers, or disinfectants, some or all of these chemicals may reach or may be disposed of along with the plant discharge concentrate. Chapter 1 of the report provides background and contextual information for the study including the relatively new interest and recent challenges associated with the permitting complexity of medium and large SWRO desalination plants in the United States.

Project Number: WRRF-13-07

Water quality modeling efforts are designed to provide an understanding of watershed conditions to support management efforts that include control of point and nonpoint sources (NPS). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) speciation is an important area of nutrient research, both in terms of biodegradability in wastewater treatment and bioavailability in the water environment. Water quality modeling may not be reflecting all that is known about point source effluent N and P from treatment facilities that reduce the total amount of nutrients discharged and also change N and P speciation and reduce bioavailability. WERF research into advanced levels of nutrient removal treatment is revealing new information about N and P speciation and reduced bioavailability of the N and P remaining after advanced treatment.

Many of the more sophisticated mechanistic water quality models have the ability to simulate N and P species, and to some degree reflect refractory organic nutrient inputs and their subsequent degradation. Selecting water quality models with the capability of simulating nutrient species, and gathering monitoring data to characterize nutrient species and refractory compounds, is important to support enhancements in modeling.

Project Number: NUTR1R06aa 

The widespread presence of trace organic contaminants (TOrC), such as the endocrine disrupting compound bisphenol-A (BPA), has been cause for growing concern due to persistence in the environment and potential ecological impacts. Despite progress made in understanding the removal of TOrC in biological wastewater treatment processes, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the identity of microorganisms active in biodegradation and the exact removal mechanisms involved. This research aimed to develop a clear understanding of the microbial ‘active’ fraction in activated sludge which is responsible for the assimilation of a selected TOrC, BPA. Through the use of DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP), BPA assimilating organisms were identified.  This active fraction of BPA assimilation included bacteria related to Sphingobium spp., Sphingomonas spp., Pussilimonas spp., and Variovorax spp.. Results from this work also confirm that prior or time-course exposure to BPA as well as bioreactor process conditions influence microbial community structure and function. Added understanding of TOrC removal mechanisms could be derived through continued investigation into microbial functions associated with BPA removal.

Project Number: U2R12

The book addresses the interdisciplinary area of water quality monitoring and binds together interests and competences within sensing technology, system behaviour, business needs, legislation, education, data handling, and artificial response algorithms.

Contents:

Overview of Treatment Wetlands; Fundamentals of Treatment Wetlands; Horizontal Flow Wetlands; Vertical Flow Wetlands; French Vertical Flow Wetlands; Intensified and Modified Wetlands; Free Water Surface Wetlands; Other Applications; Additional Aspects.

Water quality modeling efforts are designed to provide an understanding of watershed conditions to support management efforts that include control of point and nonpoint sources (NPS). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) speciation is an important area of nutrient research, both in terms of biodegradability in wastewater treatment and bioavailability in the water environment. Water quality modeling may not be reflecting all that is known about point source effluent N and P from treatment facilities that reduce the total amount of nutrients discharged and also change N and P speciation and reduce bioavailability. WERF research into advanced levels of nutrient removal treatment is revealing new information about N and P speciation and reduced bioavailability of the N and P remaining after advanced treatment.

Many of the more sophisticated mechanistic water quality models have the ability to simulate N and P species, and to some degree reflect refractory organic nutrient inputs and their subsequent degradation. Selecting water quality models with the capability of simulating nutrient species, and gathering monitoring data to characterize nutrient species and refractory compounds, is important to support enhancements in modeling.

Project Number: NUTR1R06aa